铅单晶
铅单晶 82Pb207.19
说明: 铅是一种呈暗灰色光泽的软的,有一定延展性的力学性能较差的金属。它在潮湿空气中会失去光泽,但是在氧气和水中比较稳定。它溶解于硝酸中。铅被用于电池,电缆,玻璃,焊料,防辐射材料等领域。部分还被应用于绘画颜料和汽油中,但是该部分应用正逐渐被淘汰。
铅单晶性能参数
状态: |
单晶 |
|
晶体结构: |
fcc |
|
生产方法: |
Bridgman |
|
标准尺寸: |
diameter 10-12mm thickness 1-2mm |
|
晶向: |
(100), (110) and (111) |
|
晶向精度: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
|
纯度: |
electrochemical |
|
表面粗糙度: |
<0.03μm |
|
典型分析: |
99.99% |
|
典型分析(ppm): |
Ag < 0,5 Bi < 5 |
Cu < 0,5 Fe < 1 Pb balance |
其他性能参数
晶体结构: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group f.c.c. (a=495.00), Fm3m |
X射线衍射质量吸收系数: |
CuKa 232 (μ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 120 (μ/r) / cm2g-1 |
中子散射距离: |
0.9405 b/10-12 cm |
热中子捕获横截面: |
0.171 sa / barns |
密度: |
11.4 g/cm3 |
熔点: |
327.50 °C / 600.65 °K |
沸点: |
1739.85 °C / 2013 °K |
摩尔体积: |
18.26 cm3 |
导热系数: |
35.3 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
热膨胀线系数: |
29.1 x 10-6 K-1 |
电阻系数: |
20.648x10-8 [293 K] Wm |
聚磁敏感性: |
-1.39 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
杨氏模量: |
16.1 GPa |
刚性模量: |
5.59 GPa |
体积模量: |
45.8 GPa |
泊松比: |
0.44 GPa |
半径: |
Pb4+ 84; Pb2+ 132; atomic 175; covalent 154 |
负电性: |
2.33 (Pauling); 1.55 (Allred); 3.90 eV (absolute) |
有效核电荷: |
5.65 (Slater); 12.39 (Clementi); 15.33 (Froese-Fischer) |
同位素: |
41 |
同位素质量范围: |
184 -> 214 |
生物资料
生物类别: |
none |
毒性 |
|
毒性摄取量: |
c. 50 mg - 100 g |
致命摄取量: |
LD50 (acetate, intravenous, mouse)=104 mg kg-1 |
危险性: |
Lead is moderately toxic by ingestion and affects the gut and central nervous system and causes anaemia. However, most ingested lead passes through the body without being absorbed. It is a cumulative poison and lead poisoning is a common occupational disease. Lead compounds can be carcinogenic and teratogenic |
人体等级 |
|
血液: |
0.21 mg dm-3 |
骨骼: |
3.6 - 30 p.p.m. |
肝脏: |
3 - 12 p.p.m. |
肌肉: |
0.23 - 3.3 p.p.m. |
每日食物摄取量: |
0.06 - 0.5 mg |
70kg成人平均总元素含量: |
120 mg (stored in skeleton) |
地质资料
矿物: |
|
|||
矿物化学式 |
公式 |
密度 |
硬度 |
晶体外观 |
Anglesite |
PbSO4 |
6.38 |
2.5 - 3 |
orth., adam./greasy white |
Boulangerite |
Pb5Sb4S11 |
6.23 |
2.5 - 3 |
orth., met. bluish-grey |
Bournonite |
PbCuSbS3 |
5.8 |
2.5 - 3 |
orth., met. steel-grey |
Cerussite |
PbCO3 |
6.55 |
3 - 3.5 |
orth., adam./vit. Col. |
Galena |
PbS |
7.58 |
2.6 |
cub., met. grey |
Minium |
Pb3O4 |
9.05 |
2.5 |
tet., greasy red/brown |
Pyromorphite |
Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
7.04 |
3.5 - 4 |
hex., barrel-shaped crystals, often hollow |
主要矿石: |
galena is the main ore (with silver as a by-product), pyromorphite, boulangerite and cerussite are minor ores. |
世界产量: |
2.8 x 106 tonnes/year |
主要矿区: |
galena in USA, Australia, Mexico, West Germany; boulangerite in France. |
储量: |
85 x 106 tonnes |
样品: |
available as foil, granules, ingots, powder, rod, shot and wire. CARE ! |
总含量 |
|
太阳: |
85.1 (relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
地壳: |
14 p.p.m. |
大气: |
(volume) trace |
海水: |
|
大西洋表面: |
30 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
大西洋深处: |
4.0 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
太平洋表面: |
10 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
太平洋深处: |
1 x 10-6 p.p.m. |
停留时间: |
50 years |
类别: |
scavenged |
氧化态: |
II |