硅单晶
硅单晶 14Si28.086
说明:黑色非晶硅由碳还原砂(二氧化硅)得到。超纯晶体硅有蓝灰色金属光泽。块状硅不与氧气,水和酸(HF除外)反应,但溶于热碱。硅用于半导体,合金和聚合物。
性能参数
状态: |
单晶 |
晶体结构: |
diamond |
生产方法: |
Czochralski, Floating zone |
标准尺寸: |
Diameter 20-80mm thickness 1mm |
晶向: |
(110) and (111) |
晶向精度: |
<2°, <1°, <0.5° or <0.1° |
纯度: |
as cut, one or two sides polished |
表面粗糙度: |
<0.03μm |
典型分析: |
99.999% |
其他性能参数
晶体结构: |
(cell dimensions/pm), space group cubic (a=543.07), Fd3m, diamond structure (a=486.6, c=285.5), I41/amd (a=664), Ia3 (a=380, c=628), P63/mmc |
X射线衍射质量吸收系数: |
CuKa 60.6 (μ/r) / cm2g-1 MoKa 6.44 (μ/r) / cm2g-1 |
中子散射距离: |
0.41543 b/10-12 cm |
热中子捕获横截面: |
0.171 sa / barns |
密度: |
2.33 g/cm3 |
熔点: |
1409.85 °C / 1683 °K |
沸点: |
2354.85 °C / 2628 °K |
摩尔体积: |
12.06 cm3 |
导热系数: |
148 [300 K] Wm-1K-1 |
热膨胀线系数: |
4.2 x 10-6 K-1 |
电阻系数: |
0.001x10-8 [273 K] Wm |
聚磁敏感性: |
-1.8 x 10-9(s) kg-1m3 |
杨氏模量: |
113 GPa |
刚性模量: |
39.7 GPa |
体积模量: |
n.a. GPa |
泊松比: |
0.42 GPa |
半径: |
Si4+ 26; Si4- 271 atomic 117; covalent 117; van der Waals 200 |
负电性: |
1.90 (Pauling); 1.74 (Allred); 4.77 eV (absolute) |
有效核电荷: |
4.15 (Slater); 4.29 (Clementi); 4.48 (Froese-Fischer) |
同位素: |
11 |
同位素质量范围: |
24 -> 34 |
生物资料
生物类别: |
Silicon is essential to some species and possibly to humans. |
毒性 |
Non-toxic as silicon, silicon dioxide or silicate. |
危险性: |
The fibres of some silicates, such as asbestos-type minerals, are carcinogenic. |
人体等级 |
|
血液: |
3.9 mg dm-3 |
骨骼: |
17 p.p.m. |
肝脏: |
12 - 120 p.p.m. |
肌肉: |
100 - 200 p.p.m. |
每日食物摄取量: |
18 - 1200 mg |
70kg成人平均总元素含量: |
c. 1 g |
地质资料
矿物: |
The earth's crust is composed primarily of silicate minerals. In this table only varieties of silicon dioxide (silica) are listed. |
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矿物化学式 |
公式 |
密度 |
硬度 |
晶体外观 |
Cristobalite |
SiO2 |
2.33 |
n.a. |
tet., vitreous/white |
Opal |
SiO2.nH2O |
2 |
5.5 - 6.5 |
amor., transp./col./white |
Quartz |
a-SiO2 |
2.655 |
7 |
rhom., vit., colourless |
Tridymite |
SiO2 |
2.26 |
7 |
mon., vit., colourless/white |
主要矿石: |
quartz (most common mineral on earth); also talc, mica. |
世界产量: |
5000 (electronic grade, i.e. pure silicon); 480 000 (metallurgical grade silicon); 3.4 x 106 (ferrosilicon) |
主要矿区: |
talc in Austria, Italy, India, South Africa, Australia; mica in Cananda, USA, India, Brazil |
储量: |
unlimited |
样品: |
available as powder, pieces or lumps. Safe. |
总含量 |
|
太阳: |
4.47 x 107(relative to H = 1 x 1012) |
地壳: |
277 100 p.p.m. |
海水: |
|
大西洋表面: |
0.03 p.p.m. |
大西洋深处: |
0.82 p.p.m. |
太平洋表面: |
0.03 p.p.m. |
太平洋深处: |
4.09 p.p.m. |
停留时间: |
30 000 years |
类别: |
recycled |
氧化态: |
IV |